MMS (Sodium chlorite, NaClO2, which has one oxygen atom more than bleach) is a strong oxidant and can therefore be expected to cause clinical symptoms similar to the well known sodium chlorate (NaClO3) which are methemoglobinemia (decrease in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the red blood cells which leads to increased permeability of the membrane, and severe hemolysis), hemolysis (breaking open of red blood cells), renal (kidney) failure. A dose of 10-15 grams of sodium chlorate can be lethal. Methemoglobemia had been demonstrated in rats and cats and recent studies by the EMEA have confirmed that the clinical symptomatology is very similar to the one caused by sodium chlorate in the rat, mouse, rabbit and the green monkey. There's only one human case in the medical literature of chlorite poisoning. It seems to confirm that the toxicity is equal to sodium chlorate. From the analogy with sodium chlorate, even small amounts of about 1 gram can be expected to cause nausea, vomiting and even life threatening hemolysis in Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase deficient persons. from wikipedia.org: Sodium chlorate is a chemical compound with the chemical formula (NaClO3). Sodium chlorate is used as a non-selective herbicide (plant poison). It is considered phytotoxic to all green plant parts. It can also kill through root absorption. from Britannica
Encyclopedia: Methemoglobinemia: the decrease in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the red blood cells (erythrocytes) due to the presence of methemoglobin in the blood. The severity of the symptoms of methemoglobinemia is related to the quantity of methemoglobin present in the circulation and range from a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membrane to weakness, difficulty in breathing, and dizziness in the more severe cases. The iron component of the hemoglobin of the red blood cells must be in the reduced (deoxidized) state to bind with oxygen; methemoglobin contains the oxidized form of iron and is useless for oxygen transport. So when you take MMS and feel nauseous, it's not because of die-off of microbes, it's because you just drank poison. There is no disease that MMS is sold for that electromedicine or herbal therapy can't naturally fix. Following discussion with FDA officials, Project GreenLife Int'l is initiating a voluntary recall because of safety concerns raised by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in regards to chlorine dioxide. As a precautionary measure, the company is recalling all sodium chlorite product, effective August 13, 2010. FDA concerns are legitimate and are explained by previous studies: from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1569027/pdf/envhper00463-0059.pdf Several researchers have addressed the physiological effects of oral ingestion of the oxidizing agents, chlorine dioxide, chlorite and chlorate. Musil et al. (9) associated oral chlorite ingestion with methemoglobin formation. [It is a type of hemoglobin that is altered so that it is useless for carrying oxygen] In studies by Heffernan et al. (7,8), Abdel-Rahman et al. (5) and Couri et al. (6), hemolytic anemia and suppressed glutathione levels were observed in animals treated with chlorite. The oral administration of chlorate to laboratory animals has been shown to induce oxidative destruction of hemoglobin and methemoglobin formation (10, 11). The possibility of renal toxicity at high levels of chlorite ingestion was suggested by the increased kidney/body weight ratio reported by Heffernan et al. (7). Haller and Northgraves (12) and Fridlyand and Kagan (13) examined the chronic toxicity of orally consumed chlorine dioxide in rats; a slightly increased two-year mortality rate and a decreased rate of weight gain were observed. Oral administration of chlorite (14-16) to mice was shown to increase mean corpuscular volume, osmotic fragility, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity of erythrocytes; morphologic changes were reported. In the African Green monkey, chlorine dioxide adversely affected thyroid function; chlorite ingestion yielded transient changes in hemoglobin levels and red cell count (17). The maternal toxicity, embryonic toxicity and the teratogenic potential of concentrations of sodium chlorite was evaluated in rats (18). 5. Abdel-Rhaman, M. S., Couri, D., and Bull, R.J. Kinetics of C102 and effects of C102, and C102, and C103 in drinking water on blood glutathione and hemolysis in rat and chicken. Journal of Environmental Pathologic Toxicology 3(1,2): 431-449 (1979). 6. Couri, D., and Abdel-Rahman, M.S. Effect of chlorine dioxide and metabolites on glutathione dependent system in rat, mouse and chicken blood. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. 3(1,2): 451-460 (1979). 7. Heffernan, W. P., Guion, C., and Bull, R. J. Oxidative damage to the erythrocyte induced by sodium chlorite in vitro. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. 2(6): 1487-1499 (1979). 8. Heffernan, W. P., Guion, C., and Bull, R. J. Oxidative damage to the erythrocyte induced by sodium chlorite in vitro. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. 2(6): 1501-1510 (1979). 9. Musil, J., Kontek, Z., Chalupa, J., and Schmidt, P. Toxicological aspects of chlorine dioxide application for the treatment of water containing phenol. Chem. Technol. Praze. 8: 327-345 (1964). 10. Richardson, A. P. Toxic potentialities of continued administration of chlorate for blood and tissues. J. Pharmacol. Exptl. Therap. 59: 101-103, (1937). 11. Jung, F., and Kuon, R. Zum inaktiven hemoglobin das Bluter. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Exptl. Pathol. Pharmakol. 216: 103-111 (1951). 12. Haller, S. F., and Northgraves, W.W. Chlorine dioxide and safety. TAPPI 33: 199-202 (1955). 13. Fridyland, S. A., and Kagan, G. Z. Experimental validation of standards for residual chlorine dioxide in drinking water. Hygiene Sanitation 36: 18-21 (1971). 14. Moore, G. S., and Calabrese, E. J. The effects of chlorine dioxide and sodium chlorite on erythrocytes of A-J and C-57L-J mice. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. 4(2, 3): 513-524 (1980). 15. Moore, G. S. and Calabrese, E. J. G-6-PD-deficiency-a potential high-risk group to copper and chlorite ingestion. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. 4(2, 3): 271-279 (1980). 16. Moore, G. S., Calabrese, E. J. and Ho, S. C. Groups at potentially high-risk from chlorine dioxide treated water. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. 4(2, 3): 465-470 (1980). 17. Berez, J. P., DiBiasi, D. L., Jones, L., Murray, D., and Boston, J. Subchronic toxicity of alternate disinfectants and related compounds in the non-human primate. Environ. Health Perspect. 46: 47-55 (1982). 18. Couri, D., Miller, C. H., Bull, R. J., Delphia, J. M., and Ammar, E. M. Assessment of maternal toxicity, embryotoxicity and teratogenic potential of sodium chlorite in Sprague-Dawley rats. Environ. Health Perspect. 46: 25-29 (1982). |