background research

INDEX OF RESEARCH PAPERS AND PATENTS

Select Quotes from Various Electromedicine Patents

Health Effects of Electro-Magnetic Fields

Combination Magnetic Field Effects on Bone Growth

Targeting a key enzyme in cell growth: a novel therapy for cancer

BIOCOMPATIBLE ELECTRIC CURRENT ATTENUATES HIV-1 INFECTIVITY

PATENT 5,139,684; Electrically conductive methods and systems for treatment of blood

Kinetics of Microbial Inactivation for Alternative Food Processing Technologies Oscillating Magnetic Fields

Patent 4,524,079; Deactivation of Microorganisms by an Oscillating Magnetic Field

Patent 4,665,898; Malignancy Treatment

Indian Healing Formula

Appendix of Animal Diseases

Though the scientific papers listed here often deal with treatment of humans they are here to show what can possibly be achieved with these devices treating animals which are also warm blooded mammals. My products are not FDA-approved for human use, nor do I sell them for such use.

RESEARCH PAPERS AND PATENTS

Health Effects of Electro-Magnetic Fields
from Science News, Vol. 156, No. 20
November 13, 1999, p. 316
http://www.sciencenews.org/sn_arc99/11_13_99/bob2.htm
http://www.sciencenews.org/sn_arc99/11_13_99/bob2ref.htm

Two previous studies had found that electro-magnetic fields (EMFs) reduce pain and swelling. EMFs also have that effect in a new trial headed by orthopedic surgeon Roy K. Aaron. Presumably, he says, it does it "by changing the chemistry of the joint." Studies by his team and others indicate that these fields can increase a joint's production of natural anti-inflammatory agents, such as transforming growth factor-beta. Not surprisingly, Aaron notes, medical supply companies are now developing products, such as a glove with coils, to deliver EMFs to arthritis-savaged joints. Softer tissues also respond to these fields. For instance, Arthur A. Pilla, a biophysicist at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York City, observes that many people with bone breaks experience significant pain in muscles around their injuries. Shortly after EMF therapy begins, however, that pain disappears. Though the mechanism remains elusive, Pilla says, the treatment seems to affect swelling, which can cause pain. If this proves true, he says, EMFs might benefit people with carpal tunnel syndrome, where swelling in the wrist pinches nerves going to the fingers. Indeed, that's a possibility that Betty F. Sisken of the University of Kentucky College of Medicine in Lexington would like to explore. Currently, she's probing EMFs' direct influence on nerves. In their initial studies, she and her colleagues crushed a nerve in the hind leg of rats and then treated the animals with EMFs for 4 hours daily.

Combination Magnetic Field Effects on Bone Growth

James T. Ryaby, vice president of OrthoLogic, a medical device company in Tempe, Arizona, has been using what he calls combined fields - oscillating magnetic fields superimposed on a static magnetic field. They appear to spur bone growth more quickly than the older type of pulsed EMFs, Ryaby says. More tantalizing, says Ryaby, are the data from a just completed study with female rats suggesting that the combined fields can reverse the kind of bone loss women experience after menopause. After removing the rodents' ovaries to simulate a postmenopausal state, Ryaby's team watched the animals quickly lose bone. Six weeks later, some of the rats began receiving combined-field therapy for 30 minutes a day. Within a little more than a month, he says, the treated animals were regaining lost bone while their untreated counterparts continued to lose it. What's more, the combined-field devices require just a small percentage of the power used by typical pulsed EMF generators. In Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics last February, Pilla and his colleagues reported finding that pulsed EMFs appear to increase the binding of ions to receptors on the surface of cells. For instance, they've witnessed enhanced binding of calcium to the regulatory molecule called calmodulin. This difference may prove important in stimulation of bone-cell growth by EMFs, Pilla says. EMFs can also increase bone cells' production of insulin-like growth factor II, according to test-tube experiments by Ryaby of OrthoLogic and his colleagues. This hormone-like molecule plays a key role in bone growth and may be regulated by calcium binding to calmodulin.

Medical Hypotheses (1997) 49, pg 297-300

Targeting a key enzyme in cell growth:
a novel therapy for cancer

Abstract --- The enzyme ribonucleotide reductase (RR) controls the synthesis of DNA precursors and thus plays a pivotal role in cell growth. Since the free-radical-containing active-site of this enzyme can be disabled by a lone electron, low-level direct electric current should have an inhibitory effect on RR and, thus, on uncontrolled cell proliferation. This hypothesis is strongly supported by the results of several cancer electrotherapy studies reported over the years.

Introduction
Cancer is uncontrolled cell growth. For a cell to divide, it must replicate its DNA strand. The building blocks of this strand are in short supply in a healthy, resting cell. However, the building blocks of a related molecule RNA are always in great abundance since RNA is needed for many cellular functions. When a cell is ready to divide, an enzyme called ribonucleotide reductase (RR) converts building blocks of RNA into those of DNA. The enzyme RR is, thus, pivotal for cell growth. Not surprisingly, the activity of this enzyme is tightly linked, much more than that of any other enzyme, to neoplastic transformation and progression (1).
A whole class of anti-cancer chemotherapeutic drugs, hydroxy-urea being best known, is aimed at blocking the enzyme RR (2). However, utility of such drugs is limited since inhibition of the enzymic activity is only partial and undesirable side-effects are many.

Hypothesis
A novel way of arresting the activity of this pivotal enzyme in cell growth is suggested by the fact that the active site of RR contains a stable tyrosyl free radical which is essential for its activity (13). Such free radicals can be neutralized/destroyed by free-floating electrons -- easily available in the form of direct electric current. Thus DC electrotherapy should result in inhibition of RR and cessation of malignant cell proliferation. Low-level surface DC electrotherapy would act selectively on cancerous growth since the concentration of the target enzyme RR is exponentially higher in cancerous cells, as compared to healthy quiescent cells (1). Metastasized cancer should also be treatable by direct current electrotherapy since even in the metastatic state, irrespective of the organ micro-environment, the biochemical mechanism of cell division involving the enzyme RR, remains the same.

Experimental evidence
The connection between low-level DC electrotherapy and deactivation of enzyme RR is being proposed for the first time. However, use of low-level direct electric currents to treat tumor -- without any clear understanding of the underlying mechanism -- has been reported in scientific literature about ten times during the last four decades (4-13). Three of these papers - the last one in 1985 - reported very encouraging results. For example, in some experiments, there was total regression in 60% of mice (4), an average of 88% tumor necrosis [destruction] in hamsters (5), and 98% reduction in tumor mass, also in hamsters (7). (It is strange that none of these studies had any proper follow-ups.) The outcome of other studies was less positive -- almost certainly due to poor choice of parameters.

Following is a summary of these ten reports. (The electrode near the tumor is termed as 'active', the other one being called 'passive'.)

1. Humphrey et al, 1959 (4)
ACTIVE Electrode: Copper or Zinc plate with saline-solution-saturated sponge on unbroken skin over tumor.
PASSIVE Electrode: Same, over ventral area.
BEST RESULTS (Total regression in 60% mice): at cathode, with 3 milliamperes at 3 V, 4.8 hours per day for 21 days.

2. Schauble et al, 1977 (5)
ACTIVE Electrode: Silicone covered steel needle - exposed tip implanted.
PASSIVE Electrode: Wire-mesh with electrode paste and saline-dampened sponge - over chest skin.
BEST RESULTS (88% Necrosis): at positive electrode with 3 mA at 1.5 V, 1 hour per day for 4 days.
NOTE: Necrosis was also observed when active electrode was made negative.

3. Habal 1980 (6)
Poor results with 0.5 µA at 1.5 V, for 12 days continuous, using an implanted device.

4. David et al, 1985 (7)
ACTIVE Electrode: Silicone covered Steel or Platinum-Iridium (70:30) needle - exposed tip implanted.
PASSIVE Electrode: Aluminum foil plate with conducting paste - over shaved underbelly.
BEST RESULTS (98% Reduction in tumor mass): at either electrode, with 2.4 mA at less than 3 V, for 1 hour per day for 5 days.

5. Marino and Morris et al, 1986 (8)
Both Electrodes ACTIVE: Insulated Platinum - except for the implanted tips - at foci of tumor.
BEST RESULTS (Total regression in 43% of primary tumors): with 2 mA at about 3 V, 1 hour per day for 3 intermittent days.

6. Morris and Marino et al, 1992 (9)
Both Electrodes ACTIVE: Platinum needles - implanted in tumor.
BEST RESULTS (Reduction in tumor mass without improved survival): with 20 mA at 8-10 V, for 15 minutes once.

7. Miklavki et al, 1993 (10)
ACTIVE Electrode: Platinum-Iridium (90:10), Gold, Silver or Titanium needle tip implanted.
PASSIVE Electrode: Same, placed subcutaneously the whole length, near tumor.
BEST RESULTS (About 70% necrosis): at cathode, with 0.6 mA at unspecified volts, for 1 hour once.
NOTE: "Field" electrotherapy, by placing both electrodes subcutaneously for their entire length, on either side of tumor, also produced similar necrosis.

8. Griffin et al, 1994 (11)
ACTIVE Electrode: Gold needle - implanted.
PASSIVE Electrode: Copper plate with conducting gel - beneath the animal.
BEST RESULTS (Regression proportional to charge passed): at anode, with 1-4 mA at 1-16 V, for 30-90 min. once.

9. Taylor et al, 1994 (12)
ACTIVE Electrode: 4 parallel brass plates, vertically mounted, in a specially designed oesophageal tube.
PASSIVE Electrode: Large plate with saline-soaked pad on human patient's back.
BEST RESULTS (Oesophagus tumor of one patient regressed completely at the primary site): with 20 mA at 7 V, at each of four anodes, for 1 hour. Three treatments over 4+1/2 month period.

10. Miklavki et al, 1994 (13)
ACTIVE/PASSIVE Electrodes: Gold needles, placed subcutaneously the whole length, on either side of tumor.
BEST RESULTS (Tumor growth slowed by a factor of 3): with 1.0 mA at unspecified volts, for 1 hour, applied once.
NOTE: No correlation was observed between the amount of deposited electrode material (gold) and anti-tumor effect.

Discussion and conclusion
Both positive and negative results of the published low-level electrotherapy studies can be adequately explained by the posited enzyme-mediated mechanism. Various aspects of these reports is being discussed in these sections:

Positioning & Polarity of Electrodes
If deactivation of the enzyme RR is the dominant mechanism underlying the efficacy of electrotherapy, then it should not matter whether electrodes are implanted or on the surface -- as long as the tumor is in the path of the current. Only in study #1 (4) were both electrodes placed on unbroken skin, and it reported one of the better results. Beside being non-invasive, surface electrodes also minimize electrochemistry and its attendant toxicity. Similar reasoning would suggest that the polarity of the electrodes is inconsequential. Almost all electrotherapy studies where beneficial results were obtained, confirm this. Results of "field" electrotherapy experiments, where electrodes were implanted on either side of tumor (10,13) also show that polarity of electrodes is immaterial, and that electrode-electrolyte interactions are of little significance.

Electrode Metal Dissolution
If the primary mechanism of electrotherapy involves inhibition of enzyme RR, then electrode metal deposition should have little or no influence on the beneficial outcome. Study 10 (13) has clearly shown that this is so. The fact that different electrode materials produce very similar results, further indicates that electrodes act merely as electron conductors. Thus, virtually all the observed facts are in accord with the proposed mechanism involving the deactivation of the free-radical-containing active site of RR. Furthermore, a recent experiment has shown that the concentration of enzyme RR decreases and cell growth ceases when direct electric current is passed through the tumor (15). The proposed hypothesis, thus, is on the verge of being proved.
This novel way of arresting cell growth can be the foundation of a cancer therapy that is non-toxic, non-invasive, site-specific, low-cost and easy to administer. The current cancer treatments are called "slash, burn & poison" by oncologists themselves, and are mostly empirical in nature. The gentle electrotherapy, on the other hand, would be deductively scientific with potential to cure most cancers.

References
1. Weber, G. (1983) Biochemical strategy of cancer cells and the design of chemotherapy. Cancer Res. 43, 3466-3492.
2. Cory, J.G., and Cory, A.H. (1989) Inhibition of ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase activity. International encyclopedia of pharmacology and therapeutics. New York: Pergamon Press, pp 1-16.
3. Graslund, A., Ehrenberg, A., and Thelander, L. (1982) Characterization of the free-radical of mammalian ribonucleotide reductase. J. Biol. Chem. 257, 5711-5715.
4. Humphrey, C.E., and Seal, E.H. (1959) Biophysical approach toward tumor regression in mice. Science 130, 388-390.
5. Schauble, Habal, and Gullick, (1977) Inhibition of experimental tumor growth in hamsters by small direct currents. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 101, 294-297.
6. Habal, M.B. (1980) Effect of applied d.c. currents on experimental tumor growth in rats. J. Biomed. Mat. Res. 14, 789-801.
7. David, Absolom, Smith, Gams, and Herbert, (1985) Effect of low level direct current on in vivo tumor growth in hamsters. Cancer Res. 45, 5625-5631.
8. Marino, A.A., Morris, D., and Arnold, T. (1986) Electric treatment of lewis lung carcinoma in mice. J. Surg. Res. 41, 198-201.
9. Morris, D.M., Marino, A.A., and Gonzalez, E. (1992) Electrochemical modification of tumor growth in mice. J. Surg. Res. 53, 306-309.
10. Miklavki, D., Sersa, G., Kryzanowski, M., Novakovi, S., Bobanovi, Golouh, and Vodovnik, (1993) Tumor treatment by direct electric current - tumor temperature and pH, electrode material and configuration. Bioelectro. B. 30, 209-220.
11. Griffin, D.T., Dodd, N.J.F., Moore, J.V., Pullan, B.R., and Taylor, (1994) The effects of low-level direct current therapy on a preclinical mammary carcinoma: tumor regression and systemic biochemical sequelae. Br. J. Cancer 69, 875-878.
12. Taylor, T.V., Engler, P., Pullan, B.R., and Holt, S. (1994) Ablation of neoplasia by direct current. Br. J. Cancer 70, 342-345.
13. Miklavki, D., Fajgelj, A., and Sersa, G. (1994) Tumor treatment by direct electric current: electrode material deposition. Bioelectro. B. 35, 93-97.
14. Nordenstrom, B.E.W. (1985) Electrochemical treatment of cancer. Ann. Radiol., 43, 84-87.
15. Yen, Y., and Chou, C.K., City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA., USA (personal communication).

Editor's Comments: The referenced studies were able to acheive 3mA of electrical current with low voltage (~3v) because the electrodes were directly opposite tumors on small mice. On larger animals it is certain that more voltage will be necessary to acheive 3mA current because more living tissue between electrodes presents more resistance. The formula for determining current (I= V/R) shows that with more resistance, more voltage is necessary to acheive the same current. Therefore, our electrifier uses five 9v batteries for a total of 45 volts which may be necessary to acheive the needed current. The main control on the unit adjusts the amount of resistance between the batteries and the output, and the output current will trigger a red light to come on when 6mA is acheived. It is the current which does the work, not the voltage.

BIOCOMPATIBLE ELECTRIC CURRENT ATTENUATES HIV-1 INFECTIVITY

William D. Lyman, Irwin R. Merkatz
William C. Hatch and Steven C. Kaali
Departments of Pathology,
And Obstetrics & Gyneclogy
Albert Einstein College of Medicine,
1300 Morris Park Ave. Bronx, N.Y. 10461

Summary
In this report, we present the results of double-blinded studies on the use of direct electric current to alter the infectivity of HIV-1 for susceptible cells in vitro. These experimental currents were equal to 3.85 and 7.7µA/mm² current densities respectively. The reduction of infectivity was dependent upon the total electric charge (µA x min) passing through the chamber to which the virus was exposed. Viral infectivity was determined by two independent measures: a syncytium-formation assay which can be used to quantify the production of infectious particles; and a reverse transcriptase assay which is an index of viral protein production.

Results

Syncytium-formation assay:
Using this index of HIV-1 infectivity, it was determined that exposing virus to direct electric current suppressed its capacity to induce the formation of syncytia. Figure 1 shows a representative experiment and Table 2 shows the Croup data for 3 separate experiments. As can be noted in Figure 1, a statistically significant (p<0.001) reduction in syncytium number was absented and this reduction was dependent upon the current applied to the viral isolate. At three different viral dilutions, there were analogous results in that a total charge of 200µA x min (25µA for 8 minutes) reduced the number of syncytia from 50% to 65% while a charge of 3O0µA x min (50µA for 6 minutes, 75µA for 4 minutes or 100µA for 3 minutes) resulted in 90% reduction.

Reverse transcriptase assay:
The direct electric currents to which HIV-l was exposed also reduced reverse transcriptase activity. Five separate experiments were conducted and a representative experiment is shown in Figure 2 and the data are included in Table 3. As can be seen in Figure 2, there was a significant decrease in the amount of reverse transcriptase activity after exposure of the virus to either 50A for 3 or 6 minutes. An equivalent reduction in reverse transcriptase activity was also noted with exposure to 100µA for 3 minutes and almost ablation of reverse transcriptase activity was seen with exposure of the viral isolate to 100µA for 6 minutes. The group data (Table 3) show that after exposure to 50µA for 6 minutes, there was a 44% reduction in activity and treatment of virus with 100µA for 6 minutes resulted in a 94% reduction. An analysis of variance indicates that the decrease in reverse transcriptase activity was statistically significant (p<0.0001).

DISCUSSION
The results reported here demonstrate that HIV-1 treated with direct electric currents from 50 to 100µA has a significantly reduced infectivity for susceptible cells in vitro. This reduction of infectivity correlates with the total electric charge passing through the chamber. The therapeutic potential of electric current may reside in its ability to lower the viral titer to subclinical significance or in its incorporation into a strategy analogous to that of other therapies in which repeated cycles of treatment eventually achieve remission or cure. It may be also feasible to treat AIDS patients with direct electric current using either extracorporeal [out of body] systems or self contained indwelling electrodes.

Figure l

Syncytium Formation at 1:160 dilution

0/6   25/8   50/6   75/4   100/3   exposure (µA/minute)
128    45      9      7      2     # of syncytium formed

Five aliquots of the RF strain of HIV-1 were exposed to direct electric current. At all the dilutions tested, electrical treatment of the virus aliquots resulted in a significant decrease in syncytium formation.

Figure 2

Reverse Transcriptase Activity

0/3   0/6   50/3   50/6   100/3   100/6   exposure (µA/minute)
300   205    108    105    100      12    CPMx10^-3 reverse transcriptase

Six aliquots of the RF strain of HIV-1 were exposed to different amounts of current for 3 or 6 minutes. A significant decrease (p<0.005) from 0 current levels (0/3 and 0/6) in reverse transcriptase activity is noted. However, the decrease is more significant (p<0.0001) when virus is exposed to 100µA for 6 minutes.

Editor's Notes:
Human CD4 immune blood cells were exposed to various amounts of electric current for various amounts of time and then mixed with HIV-1 virus. The resultant decrease in CD4 infection by the virus (resulting in cell enlargement [syncytium] and reverse transcriptase production) is listed in the two tables under the column headings indicating how much electric current in microamperes (µA= millionths of an ampere) was applied to the virus for how many minutes. 100µA applied for 3 minutes to the virus produced only approximately 2% of the number of enlarged cells (syncytium) as was produced after 6 minutes without electrical treatment of the virus. 100µA applied for 6 minutes to the virus produced only 6% of the reverse transcriptase activity as was produced after 6 minutes without electrical treatment of the virus. 100µA is equal to 7.7µA per square millimeter (mm²) of the surface of the electrodes delivering the electric current to the virus. Explanation of tests: Human CD4 immune cells, when exposed to HIV-1 virus, normally become infected with the virus and then enlarged as the virus reproduces itself (with the coerced help of the blood cell) within the CD4 cell. So anything that can reduce the viral infectivity (the ability of the virus to infect a cell) can be tested in the laboratory to see if less enlarged cells (syncytium) are produced which will show the degree of success of the anti-viral. Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme used by retroviruses to form a complementary DNA sequence (cDNA) from their RNA. The resulting DNA is then inserted into the chromosome of the host cell. A test showing how much is being produced is a way to quantify approximately how much viral reproduction has happened as a result of viral infection of the CD4 cells. So a test result showing reduced reverse transcriptase activity is one that shows how successful an anti-viral is at reducing the infectivity of a virus.

U.S. PATENT 5,139,684
By Steven Kaali and Peter Schwolsky
Filed 11-16-1990, approved 8-18-1992

Electrically conductive methods and systems for treatment of blood and other body fluids and/or synthetic fluids with electric forces

Claimed:
"...applying... no biologically damaging electric potentials... to the electrically conductive electrode segments whereby electric field forces are produced... that induce biologically compatible current flow through the blood... to attenuate bacteria, virus, parasites, fungus contained in the blood... to render the bacteria, virus, parasites, fungus ineffective while not impairing the biological usefulness of the fluids"

Summary:
"...to attenuate such contaminants to the extent that bacteria, virus, or fungus, or parasites contained in the blood... are rendered ineffective to infect or affect healthy cells."

Best Mode of Practicing Invention:
"For example, treatment of AIDS virus in media at 100 microamperes for 3 minutes has been observed to substantially attenuate (render ineffective) the AIDS virus."

Experimental Results:
"In conclusion, these experiments... indicate at a statistically significant level that direct electric current... can attenuate the ability of HIV-1 to infect normally healthy cells which are susceptible to the HIV-1 AIDS virus." "Both of these assays (syncytia & reverse transcriptase) are widely used as reproducible measures of viral infection and can be used to determine if alternations in viral infectivity as a product of this electrical treatment can be detected." "...it is believed obvious that other modifications and variations of the invention will be suggested to those skilled in the art in the light of the above teachings." "...it is possible that certain virus may be attenuated (or attenuated at a faster rate) if they are exposed to a greater electric current magnitude of the order of 500 microamperes for shorter time periods."

Editor's Notes:
The patent's 1st laboratory test used electrically treated (at 100µA/3min which is 7.7µA per square millimeter for 3 minutes) HIV-l virus mixed with human T cells (immune cells which the HIV likes to infect) and showed 99% less infected & enlarged T cells (syncytia) by viruses after 4 days compared to T cells mixed with HIV-1 not electrically treated. The patents 2nd lab test used electrically treated (l00µA/6min) HIV-1 mixed with blood T cells and showed 72% less virus associated enzymes (reverse transcriptase produced as a result of viral reproduction) after 4 days, compared to T cells mixed with HIV-1 not treated. The patent stated; "it is possible that certain virus may be attenuated (or attenuated at a faster rate) if they are exposed to a greater electric current magnitude of the order of 500 microamperes for shorter time periods." 500 microamperes (500µA) applied to the experiments electrodes with a surface area of 13.3mm² yields a current of 38.5µA per square millimeter (38.5µA/mm²). In approximation of this idea, my blood electrifier was estimated to produce 17 to 34µA/mm² (for 4 - 8 mm² cross sectional arterial area). This high current is necessary due to the short (but repeated) treatment durations of blood when using an electrode on each wrist. Due to the short treatment durations, as the blood passes through the main arteries (~ 1 minute), it is necessary to do treatments of up to 1 - 2 hours.

[from: http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~comm/ift-omf.html]
U.S. Food and Drug Administration
Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition
June 2, 2000

Kinetics of Microbial Inactivation for Alternative Food Processing Technologies Oscillating Magnetic Fields

Scope of Deliverables
This section reports the effects of magnetic fields on microbial populations.

1. Definition, Description and Application
Static (SMF) and oscillating (OMF) magnetic fields have been explored for their potential as microbial inactivation methods... an OMF is applied in the form of constant amplitude or decaying amplitude sinusoidal waves. OMF applied in the form of pulses reverse the charge for each pulse, and the intensity of each pulse decreases with time to about 10% of the initial intensity (Pothakamury and others 1993). Preservation of foods with OMF involves sealing food in a plastic bag and subjecting it to 1 to 100 pulses in an OMF with a frequency between 5 to 500 kHz at temperatures in the range of 0 to 50 degrees Celsius for a total exposure time ranging from 25 to 100 milliseconds. OMF of intensity of 5 to 50 tesla (T) and frequency of 5 to 500 kHz (5000 - 500,000) was applied and reduced the number of microorganisms by at least 2-log cycles (1/100th ). OMF of this intensity can be generated using: (1) superconducting coils; (2) coils which produce DC fields or (3) coils energized by the discharge of energy stored in a capacitor (Gersdof and others 1983). Inhibition or stimulation of the growth of microorganisms exposed to magnetic fields may be a result of the magnetic fields themselves or the induced electric fields. The latter is measured in terms of induced electric field strength and induced current density.

2. Inactivation of Microorganisms
Table 1. Effect of magnetic fields in microorganisms.


                     type of
field     frequency  magnetic   micro-
strength  of pulse   field     organism         Effect                     Reference
12 tesla     6000     OMF      Streptococcus   Cell population reduced    Moore (1985)
          (1 pulse)            Themophilus     from 25,000 cells/ml to  
                               in milk         970

7.5 tesla    8500     OMF      Mold spores     Population reduced from    Hofmann (1985)
          (1 pulse)                            3,000 spores/ml to 1

Hofmann (1985) reported on the inactivation of microorganisms with OMF in milk, yogurt, orange juice and bread roll dough. According to Hofmann (1985) only 1 pulse of OMF was adequate to reduce the bacterial population to between 1% and .1%.

References
Hofmann G.A. 1985. Deactivation of microorganisms by an oscillating magnetic field. U.S. Patent 4,524,079.

Moore, R.L. 1979. Biological effects of magnetic fields Studies with microorganisms. Can. J. Microbiol., 25:1145-1151

Gersdorf, R., deBoer, F.R., Wolfrat, J.C., Muller, F.A., Roeland, L. W. 1983. The high magnetic facility of the University of Amsterdam, high field magnetism. Proceedings International Symposium on High Field Magnetism. Osaka, Japan. 277-287

Pothkamury, U.R., Barbosa-Canovas, G.V., and Swanson, B.G. (1993). Magnetic-field inactivation of microorganisms and generation of biological changes. Food Technol. 47(12):8593

Editor's Notes:
This papers test results revealing effectiveness against bacteria and fungi/mold, and patent 4,524,079, is what inspired me to create my own version of OMF generator. The OMF Pulser I sell is an oscillating magnetic field generator (with OMF of decaying amplitude as Hofmann and Moore used) with a magnetic field strength of around 6200 gauss and a frequency of around 8000 cycles per second (8 kHz). Its electromagnetic coil is energized by the discharge of energy stored in a capacitor. The experiences of myself and others with this unit are in agreement with the scientific test results of Moore and Hofmann in that it is effective against bacteria and mold (fungus) although our test medium was human tissue instead of food. Their test results showed a 96% reduction of streptococcus bacteria (at 6kHz/12T) and a 99.9% reduction of mold spores (at 8.5kHz/7.5T).

U.S. Patent 4,665,898
Inventor: Jonathan L. Costa, Gunter A. Hofmann
Date: May 19, 1987

Malignancy Treatment

Abstract
A body part of an animal afflicted with malignant cells is disposed within a magnetic coil and subjected to a plurality of magnetic field pulses, the pulses having intensities of between about l and about 100 Tesla and characteristic frequencies of between about 5 and about 100 kHz. The pulses magnetic field selectively inactivates and/or destroys malignant cells with relatively little damage to normal tissue.

Summary of the Invention
... Herein, it is discovered that high intensity magnetic fields applied in short pulses with moderate frequencies, can be used to selectively destroy or otherwise inactivate malignant cells within tissue of a living animal. Selective inactivation of malignant cells within animal tissue subjected to a pulsed magnetic field is accomplished without noticeable deterioration of gross characteristics of normal tissue.

Detailed Description of a Preferred Embodiment
It is found that subjecting body parts containing cancerous tissue to a plurality of magnetic field pulses, with characteristic frequencies above about 5 kHz and intensities above about 1 Tesla, will either arrest the growth of tumors or progressively reduce the number of cancerous cells, resulting in remission of tumors... The magnetic field in the coil is produced upon discharge of a bank of capacitors. The capacitor bank is charged from a source, and when a switch is closed... an oscillating current can be generated between the plates of the capacitors. The oscillating current, in turn, generates a pulsed magnetic field which is concentrated within the region bounded by the coil... Immediately subsequent to closing the switch, an intense magnetic field is produced by current flowing in one direction. As the current changes direction, the magnetic field changes polarity... The oscillating current and, hence, the oscillating magnetic field rapidly decreases after about ten oscillations dropping to a few percent of the original magnetic field strength. Herein, magnetic field intensities refer to the intensities of the initial peaks... The method is applicable to practically any type of tissue and is believed applicable for treatment of most types of malignancies... In each session, an animal is exposed to at least 1 and up to 1000 magnetic pulses. Generally a living animal would be subjected to at least ten pulses at each therapy session and up to one hundred pulses. An animal will be subjected to additional sessions until tumor remission is achieved... Malignant cells are more susceptible to destruction and/or inactivation by a pulsed intense electromagnetic field because the field may create eddy currents that are unique to the tumor. These localized eddy currents may cause effects that are deleterious to the viability and/or reproductive capability of the tumor cells. Alternatively, there may be macromolecules unique to malignant cells which are especially magnetically susceptible... Furthermore, treatment with a pulsed magnetic field does far less damage to the natural immune system than does radiation treatment or chemotherapy. Frequently, a patient who is treated extensively with ionizing radiation and/or with chemotherapy will experience an almost complete breakdown of the immune system. Subsequent to treatment, the immune system may take up to a year to recover, particularly with respect to immunity to viral infections. As a result, even if a patient is cured of the malignancy by radiation and/or chemotherapy, he is subject to debilitating disease or even death by infections to which his body would ordinarily have built up immunity. With the magnetic treatment described herein, here has been no evidence of major immune system beak-down.

TABLE 2

Evaluation of the Growth of Rat Mammary Tumors Following Multiple Exposures to a Rapidly Varying Magnetic Field



           Field                           Partial or Complete Response        
           Strength/   Total                                      Total Tumors
Tumor      Frequency   No. of   Interruption                      Responding
Type       Tesla/kHz   Tumors    of Growth     Shrinkage    No.   in percent
DMBA       5T / 8kHz     8           2              6        8       100% 
primary 

NMU        5T / 8kHz    10           1              9       10       100%
primary

It can be seen from the above table that the method of the present invention is useful for treating a variety of malignancies, although the response varies according to the type of tumor. Accordingly, the method has general applicability to malignancy treatment.

Example 3
Twelve rats having primary DMBA-induced mammary carcinomas were treated daily with a conventional Magneform machine. A primary mammary gland carcinoma induced by a carcinogen, such as DMBA or NMU, is highly virulent, as outlined in substantial detail in P. M. Guillino, et al., Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Vol. 54, no. 2, February 1974. It is common for such a tumor in a rat to increase in size by about 10 to 30 fold in about 30 days, and if left untreated almost invariably will ulcerate within about 45 days. Ten of the rats are treated daily with 20 pulses at 5 Tesla and 8 KHz. Their tumor volumes on the 1st and 30th days are listed in with table 3 below:

TABLE 3


Test        Tumor volume (cm³)
Rat         Day 1      Day 30
 1.          1.60       1.95
 2.          1.20       3.65
 3.          2.10       1.20
 4.          1.40       3.81
 5.           .90        .42
 6.          3.00       3.81
 7.           .38        .45
 8.          2.10       8.18
 9.          6.79       8.88
10.          1.10        .85

It can be seen from the above table that after thirty days the tumors were either diminished in size, stabilized, or at least controlled relative to untreated tumors... The remaining two rats were treated in an identical manner but at 1/4th the field intensity, i.e., 1.2 Tesla, 8 kHz, 20 pulses. One of these died on day 58 while the tumor size of the other had decreased in size from 1.6 cm³ on day 1 to 1.4 cm³ on day 62. The rats generally appeared to exhibit normal behavior and appetite and did not appear to lose weight. The fact that the rats did not die of infections suggested that the immune systems functioned normally.

Editor's Notes on Patent 4,665,898
This device produces the same type of oscillating magnetic field as does my OMF Generator. The basic design of mine is the same, with a capacitor (charged with high voltage) connected in parallel with a coil by an electrically controlled switch (a xenon flash tube) to produce a decaying oscillating magnetic field. This patents device varies from mine in application only by the test subject being placed inside the coil, whereas mine was used so that the coil rests on the test subject which is effected by the lines of magnetic force emanating from the coil. Field force becomes less and less with more distance from the center of the coil as is indicated by the field force lines separating more. The results of test example 1 is a reduction of live cancer cells (in test tube) of 32% of undifferentiated carcinoma and 29% of embryonic carcinoma after 18 days. This was after 8 pulses of oscillating magnetic field of 5 Tesla at 8 kHz on day 1. The results of test example 2 is 75% and 90% of treated rat mammary tumors (6 of 8 DMBA primary tumors, and 9 of 10 NMU primary tumors) shrunken after 20 pulses daily of OMF at 5 Tesla and 8 kHz for 6 days. The results of test example 3 is an average 86% reduction of tumor size after 30 days (compared to a typical 20 times tumor growth after 30 days). Treatment was with 20 pulses OMF of 5 Tesla at 8 KHZ daily for 30 days. Tumors were induced by injection of the DMBA chemical. The table below has columns for the typical 20x size after 30 days and the percent reduction of the treated tumors compared to the 20x size. It also shows the equally positive lower intensity (1.2 Tesla) test results on one tumor with a resultant 96% reduction.

TABLE 3


                     Tumor Volume (cm³)         .
										 
                     typical size after 30 days     percent
Rat  Day 1  Day 30   if left untreated (x20 size)   reduction
 l.   1.60    1.95             32.                     94% 
 2.   1.20    3.65             24.                     85% 
 3.   2.10    l.20             42.                     97% 
 4.   1.40    3.81             28.                     86% 
 5.    .90     .42             18.                     98% 
 6.   3.00    3.81             60.                     94% 
 7.    .38     .45              7.6                    94% 
 8.   2.10    8.18             42.                     8l% 
 9.   6.79    8.88             13.6                    35% 
l0.   1.1      .85             22.                     96% 
                                               average 86% 

treatment with 20 pulses of 1.2 Tesla at 8 kHz for 30 days 
11.   l.6     1.40             32.                     96%

Select Quotes from Various Electromedicine Patents

Patent 6,231,497
Magnetic therapy device
The beneficial effects of applying a magnetic field to an area of animal anatomy such as the back, legs, arms and the like, are widely known and well documented. Magnetic fields are commonly used for therapeutic purposes such as reduction of inflammation in tissues and pain relief. Magnetic fields are known to improve the blood flow to tissues to which the magnetic field is applied.

Patent 6,675,047
Electromagnetic-field therapy method and device
Pulsed [electromagnetic] field therapy produces a complex effect on the living organism, because it contributes to an improvement in the energy metabolism, increases the mobility of lymph, enhances the blood supply of capillaries, and, as a consequence, improves nutrition of all tissues of the organism. The pulse field therapy liquidates stagnation of energy in tissues, whereby painful sensations are eliminated. The pulse therapy improves ion exchange on the level of cells, regulates the intracellular pressure, this contributing to normalization of the overall metabolism.

Patent 7,024,239
Pulsed electromagnetic energy treatment apparatus and method
Electrotherapy includes various means for applying an electric or electromagnetic field to a wound area to facilitate growth and proliferation of new tissue, i.e., healing. Application of external electrical and electromagnetic fields is now an increasingly standard therapy for the treatment of non-union bone fractures, but these devices have seen limited use in other areas of healing. The present invention may also be utilized in other treatment areas where increasing the rate of growth and proliferation of cells is essential, including the treatment of burns and surgically implanted skin or soft tissue grafts, rehabilitation medicine, post surgical repair, and neuronal/brain/spinal injury repair and regeneration.

Patent 6,261,221
Flexible coil pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) stimulation therapy system
PEMF therapy has been satisfactorily used in treating spinal fusion, failed arthrodeses, osteonecrosis, and chronic refractory tendinitis, decubitus ulcers and ligament, tendon injuries, osteoporosis, and Charcot foot. During PEMF therapy, an electromagnetic transducer coil is generally placed in the vicinity of the musculoskeletal injury (sometimes referred to as the "target area") such that pulsing the transducer coil will produce an applied or driving field that penetrates to the underlying damaged bone or other body tissue.

ANTIOXIDANT EFFECTS OF ULTRA-LOW MICROCURRENTS
Alfred J. Koonin, M.B., Ch, B., Ph.D., FRCS
Exerpt from: http://www.eprtech.com/ANTIOXIDANT%20EFFECTS.htm

To see if these ultra-low currents could work as an antioxidant, the model chosen was chronic skin wounds. The reason for this was that most of these lesions are found in debilated patients with poor immune systems who probably have a high concentration of free radicals. Further, the wounds themselves are generally necrotic and infected with poor healing potential again indicating a high concentration of free radicals in the local area. The idea was to isolate the injured area as part of the circuit and thereby infuse a steady stream of electrons through the area with as little resistance as possible. The resistance would be reduced by using a low level current and by increasing the diameter of the conductor. Also, the frequency of the current would have to be low in order to prevent the electrons from traveling in short bursts. A low frequency would allow the electrons to move in a steady stream.
Method
A device was used that produced a current range of 3mA down to .1mA. The frequency used produced a cycle lasting approximately 23 minutes. The device was designed to switch the direction of current flow half way through the cycle. The device runs on a rechargeable battery producing a square wave bipolar current with a Voltage ranging between 5V up to a maximum of 40V. The Voltage range will vary proportionately with the resistance in the tissues. The device will not function if the range goes beyond 40 Volts. The electrodes are applied in two layers using tap water as the conducting medium. Water is a very poor conductor of electricity, but the minerals in tap water are sufficient to carry the current into the tissues. Also, the wraps cover a large surface area thus reducing resistance and allowing an optimum number of electrons to flow freely into the tissues.
Patients were treated for approximately 3« hours per day, five days a week until the lesion had healed. A twelve-week maximum was allowed for healing to take place. All patients were in-patients and were on wound care treatments for at least three months prior to this study, with no observable improvement in their condition. The 25 patients treated had lesions present for an average of 18.5 months.
For approximately 23 minutes per day the subjects were wrapped with spongy bandages, soaked in water, above and below the wound to make the sites readily receive the electric current later. Conductive silicone electrodes were then wrapped over these areas and attached to the device with stud clips. For the first cycle (23 minutes) the device was set at a current output of 3 mA. For the subsequent eight cycles of treatment (approximately three hours) the device was set at an output of .4mA. Twenty-five chronic wounds were treated. These were present for a period ranging from 3 to 60 months and did not respond to standard therapy. Ages of the patients in the study varied from 20 to 85 years old. Twenty-three of the lesions were stage III or IV. 92 % of the lesions were stages III or IV. The age of the lesions varied from 6 to 60 months with an average of 18.5 months. 100% of the lesions healed in an average of 48 hours of treatment, i.e. an average of 16 days.

Electric current helps diabetic foot ulcers heal
NEW YORK, Jul 11 2001 (Reuters Health) - A device that delivers high-voltage electric stimulation to the skin can help diabetic foot ulcers heal, preliminary study findings suggest.
People with diabetes may develop foot ulcers as a result of poor circulation and a reduced ability to fight infection. Usually, ulcers are treated by cleaning and dressing the wound to keep it moist and resting the affected limb, but in some cases, damage can be severe enough to require amputation.
According to a report in the June issue of the Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, patients who used an electric stimulation device in addition to standard treatment were more likely to heal.
The study of 35 diabetic patients compared high-voltage, pulsed galvanic electric stimulation every night for 8 hours with an inactive placebo treatment that felt the same but delivered no current. Patients also underwent weekly removal of dead tissue, topical treatment and rest.
Over 3 months, 65% of patients who received electric stimulation healed, compared with 35% of patients in the placebo group.
It is not clear how electric stimulation aids in wound healing, but the researchers suggest that it may enhance blood flow and immune system cell function.
"It's not a silver bullet," study author Dr. Lawrence A. Lavery of the University of Texas Health Sciences Center in San Antonio, told Reuters Health, noting that the device should be used in combination with other measures. However, he added, "it is more promising than some pharmaceuticals that I've seen."
There was no difference in the amount of time it took for wounds to heal among groups, the study found.
Still, "the results of this study are quite promising and compare favorably with several recent reports in the medical literature on wound healing in persons with diabetes mellitus," Lavery and colleagues conclude.
They add that larger trials should be conducted to further investigate whether electric stimulation can help diabetic foot ulcers to heal.
SOURCE: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2001;82:721-724.

Appendix of Animal Diseases

Of avian (bird), bovine (cattle), equine (horse), porcine (pig), caprine (goat), ovine (sheep), cervids (deer, moose, elk, caribou)

African Horse Sickness: equine 
African Swine Fever: porcine 
Anaplasmosis: bovine 
Anthrax: any species 
Atrophic Rhinitis: porcine 
Avian Infectious Bronchitis: avian 
Avian Infectious Laryngotracheitis: avian 
Avian Influenza: avian 
Avian Tuberculosis: avian 
Babesiosis: bovine, porcine 
Bluetongue: any species 
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy: bovine 
Brucellosis: any species 
Caprine Arthritis / Encephalitis: caprine, ovine 
Caseous Lymphadenitis: caprine, ovine 
Chlamydiosis (pet birds, poultry): avian 
Chronic Wasting Disease: cervids 
Contagious Agalactia of Sheep and Goats: caprine, ovine 
Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia: any species 
Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia: caprine, ovine 
Contagious Equine Metritis: equine 
Cysticercosis: bovine, porcine 
Dermatophilosis: bovine 
Dourine: equine 
Duck Virus Enteritis: avian 
Duck Virus Hepatitis: avian 
Echinococcus / Hydatidosis: any species 
Enterovirus Encephalomyelitis: porcine 
Enzootic Abortion of Ewes: caprine, ovine 
Enzootic Bovine Leukosis: bovine 
Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease: cervids 
Epizootic Lymphangitis: equine 
Equine Encephalomyelitis: avian, equine 
Equine Infectious Anemia: equine 
Equine Influenza: equine 
Equine Piroplasmosis: equine 
Equine Rhinopneumonitis: equine 
Equine Viral Arteritis: equine 
Exotic Myiasis: any species 
Foot and Mouth Disease: any species 
Fowl Cholera: avian 
Fowl Pox: avian 
Fowl Typhoid: avian 
Genital Campylobacteriosis: bovine 
Glanders: any species 
Goat and Sheep Pox: caprine, ovine 
Heartwater: any species 
Hemorrhagic Septicemia: bovine 
Hog Cholera: porcine 
Horse Mange: equine 
Horse Pox: equine 
Infectious Avian Encephalomyelitis: avian 
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis / Infectious Pustular Vulvovaginitis: bovine 
Infectious Bursal Disease: avian 
Japanese Encephalitis: equine 
Leptospirosis: any species 
Listeriosis: bovine, caprine, ovine 
Lumpy Skin Disease: any species 
Maedi-Visna / Ovine Progressive Pneumonia: caprine, ovine 
Malignant Catarrhal Fever: any species 
Marek's Disease: avian 
Mycoplasma gallisepticum: avian 
Nairobi Sheep Disease: caprine, ovine 
Newcastle Disease: avian 
Ovine Epididymitis: ovine 
Ovine Pulmonary Adenomatosis: caprine, ovine 
Paramyxovirus: avian 
Paratuberculosis: any species 
Peste des Petits Ruminants: any species 
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome: porcine 
Pseudorabies: any species 
Pullorum Disease: avian 
Q-Fever: caprine, ovine 
Rabies: any species 
Rift Valley Fever: any species 
Rinderpest: any species 
Salmonella enteritidis enteritidis: avian 
Salmonella typhimirium DT 104: bovine 
Salmonellosis: caprine, ovine 
Scabies: bovine, caprine, ovine 
Scrapie: caprine, ovine 
Screwworm: any species 
Surra: equine 
Swine Vesicular Disease: porcine 
Theileriosis: bovine 
Toxic Substance Contamination: any species 
Transmissible Gastroenteritis: porcine 
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy: any species 
Trichinellosis: porcine 
Trichomoniasis: bovine 
Trypanosomiasis: bovine 
Tuberculosis: any species 
Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis: equine 
Vesicular Exanthema: porcine Vesicular Stomatitis: any species